Artificial Intelligence History
Artificial Intelligence Research and Development
Artificial Intelligence (AI) forms an essential branch of computer science.
Merchant: eBooks
50 Years of Artificial Intelligence
This Festschrift volume, published in celebration of the 50th Anniversary of Artificial Intelligence, includes 34 refereed papers written by leading researchers in the field of Artificial Intelligence.
Merchant: eBooks
Errors and Intelligence in Computer-Assisted Language Learning
This book provides the first comprehensive overview of theoretical issues, historical developments and current trends in ICALL. It assumes a basic familiarity with Second Language Acquisition (SLA) theory and teaching, CALL and linguistics.
Merchant: eBooks
Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined as intelligence exhibited by an artificial entity. Such a system is generally assumed to be a computer.
Although AI has a strong science fiction connotation, it forms a vital branch of computer science, dealing with intelligent behavior, learning and adaptation in machines. Research in AI is concerned with producing machines to automate tasks requiring intelligent behavior. Examples include control, planning and scheduling, the ability to answer diagnostic and consumer questions, handwriting, speech, and facial recognition. As such, it has become a scientific discipline, focused on providing solutions to real life problems. AI systems are now in routine use in economics, medicine, engineering and the military, as well as being built into many common home computer software applications, traditional strategy games like computer chess and other video games.
For topics relating specifically to true (human-like) intelligence, see Strong AI.
History
Early in the 17th century, René Descartes proposed that bodies of animals are nothing more than complex machines. Blaise Pascal created the first mechanical digital calculating machine in 1642. In the 19th century, Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace worked on programmable mechanical calculating machines.
Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead published Principia Mathematica, which revolutionized formal logic. Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts published "A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" in 1943 laying foundations for neural networks.
The 1950s were a period of active efforts in AI. The first working AI programs were written in 1951 to run on the Ferranti Mark I machine of the University of Manchester (UK): a draughts-playing program written by Christopher Strachey and a chess-playing program written by Dietrich Prinz. John McCarthy coined the term "artificial intelligence" in the first conference devoted to the subject, in 1956. He also invented the Lisp programming language. Alan Turing introduced the "Turing test" as a way of operationalizing a test of intelligent behavior. Joseph Weizenbaum built ELIZA, a chatterbot implementing Rogerian psychotherapy.
During the 1960s and 1970s, Joel Moses demonstrated the power of symbolic reasoning for integration problems in the Macsyma program, the first successful knowledge-based program in mathematics. Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert publish Perceptrons, demonstrating limits of simple neural nets and Alain Colmerauer developed the Prolog computer language. Ted Shortliffe demonstrated the power of rule-based systems for knowledge representation and inference in medical diagnosis and therapy in what is sometimes called the first expert system. Hans Moravec developed the first computer-controlled vehicle to autonomously negotiate cluttered obstacle courses.
In the 1980s, neural networks became widely used with the backpropagation algorithm, first described by Paul John Werbos in 1974. The 1990s marked major achievements in many areas of AI and demonstrations of various applications. Most notably Deep Blue, a chess-playing computer, beat Garry Kasparov in a famous six-game match in 1997. DARPA stated that the costs saved by implementing AI methods for scheduling units in the first Gulf War have repaid the US government's entire investment in AI research since the 1950s.
The DARPA Grand Challenge, started in 2004 and continued to this day, is a race for a $2 million prize where cars drove themselves without any communication with humans, using GPS, computers and a sophisticated array of sensors, across several hundred miles of challenging desert terrain.
In the post-dot com boom era, websites such as 'Ask Jeeves' and 'Ask Cheggers.com' have sprung up that use a simple form of AI to provide answers to questions by searching the internet.
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations
Artificial Intelligence is one of the oldest and most exciting subfields of computing, covering such areas as intelligent robotics, intelligent planning and scheduling, model-based reasoning, fault diagnosis, natural language processing, maching translation, knowledge representat
Merchant: eBooks